Bombay blood group

 

                    ðŸ‘‰Rare blood types👈

 

Have you heard or read about the blood group, which is also called Rare of the Rarest. Which is found with great difficulty. This is not O negative but it is called Bombay blood. What is it, how it is formed in the body, where it is found, why it is called Bombay blood, etc. will study through this article.

WHAT  IS  BOMBAY  BLOOD  GROUP ?

Normally it is believed that the rare blood group is O negative, which is very difficult to get because it is found only in selected people. But rather than O negative there is a rarest blood group that is found in any one of the millions of people, and its name is Bombay Blood Group. This blood group is also called Rare of the Rarest Blood Group.
       
        To donate blood to the needy and save their life is the work of virtue. Prior to donating blood, the doctor examines the blood group and ensures that the person can donate blood or not. Normally, blood group is of 4 types - A, B, AB and O. It is compulsory to match blood group before donating blood, otherwise it can be dangerous or even increase the health problems. In this article, we will study about the rarest blood group "Bombay Blood Group".

This type of rarest blood type is found only in the world of 0.0004 percent of the population. Only one person in 10,000 people in India has Bombay Blood Type. It is also called HH blood type or Rare ABO blood group. This blood phenotype was first discovered by the Doctor YM Bhende in 1952.

This is called Bombay Blood because it was first found in some people of Bombay. The Hh blood group contains one antigen, the H antigen, which is found on virtually all RBCs and is the building block for the production of the antigens within the ABO blood group. To understand more, their red cells (RBC) have ABH antigens and their sera contains anti-A, anti-B, and anti-H.

      Anti-H has not been discovered in the ABO group, but it has been detected in the Pre transfusion Test. This H antigen works as a building block in the ABO blood group. The lack of H antigen is known as "Bombay phenotype".

Where Bombay Blood is found?

In Bombay, (India), an individual was discovered to have an interesting blood type that reacted to other blood types in a way that had not been seen before. Serum from this individual contained antibodies that reacted with all RBCs from normal ABO phenotypes (i.e., groups O, A, B, and AB). The individual's RBCs appeared to lack all of the ABO blood group antigens plus an additional antigen that was previously unknown.

In 1952, a paper about the "new blood group character related to the ABO blood group" was published. This new blood group character is the H antigen and it is the building block for the antigens of the ABO blood group.

       Named for the city in which it was first discovered, the "Bombay phenotype" describes individuals whose RBCs lack the H antigen. Because the A and B antigens cannot be formed without the H antigen precursor, their RBCs also lack these antigens. As a result, these individuals produce anti-H, anti-A, and anti-B and can therefore be transfused only with RBCs that also lacks the H, A, and B antigens i.e., they can only receive blood from another person with the Bombay phenotype. Because of the rarity of this blood type, this normally means using blood donations from a suitable relative.

Nomenclature : -

  • Number of H antigens: 1
  • ISBT symbol: H
  • ISBT number: 018
  • Gene symbol: FUT1
  • Gene name: Fucosyltransferase 1

    Common H phenotypes : -

    The two common H phenotypes are "secretor" and "non-secretor".

    Secretor (common) :-

    • H antigen is expressed on RBCs.
    • H antigen is expressed in saliva.
    • No anti-H is produced.
    • Genotype: H/H or H/h; Se/Se or Se/se

    Non secretor (common) :-

    • H antigen is present on RBCs.
    • H antigen is absent from saliva.
    • No anti-H is produced.
    • Genotype: H/H or H/h; se/se

    Uncommon H Phenotypes :-

    The Bombay phenotype and para-Bombay phenotype are relatively rare. In India, where H deficiency was first discovered, the frequency of both phenotypes combined is 1 in 10,000 . H deficiency is slightly more common in Taiwan, affecting 1 of 8,000 people . A relatively large number of H-deficient individuals were found on Reunion Island, which is a small French Island 800 km east of Madagascar in the Indian Ocean . Both the classical Bombay phenotype and a new variant type of partial H deficiency was seen in the islanders . In Europe, 1 per million people are H deficient.

    Bombay phenotype :-

    • H antigen is not expressed on RBCs.
    • H antigen is not found in saliva.
    • Serum contains anti-H.
    • Genotype: h/h se/se

    Para-Bombay phenotype :-

    • H antigen is weakly expressed on RBCs.
    • H antigen may be present or absent in saliva.
    • Serum contains anti-H.
    • Genotype: (H), Se/Se or Se/se or se/se

    Expression of the H antigen :-

    The H antigen shares the same broad tissue distribution as the A and B antigens. Likewise, in individuals who are "secretors", a soluble form of the H antigen is found in saliva and all fluids except cerebrospinal fluid.

    Function of the H antigen :-

    The function of the H antigen, apart from being an intermediate substrate in the synthesis of ABO blood group antigens, is not known although it may be involved in cell adhesion. People who lack the H antigen do not suffer any deleterious effects, and being H-deficient is only an issue if they were to need a blood transfusion because they would require H-deficient blood. 

    References :-

    1.
    Reid ME and Lomas-Francis C. The Blood Group Antigen Facts Book. Second ed. 2004, New York: Elsevier Academic Press.
    2.
    Bhende YM , Deshpande CK , Bhatia HM , Sanger R , Race RR , Morgan WT , Watkins WM . A "new" blood group character related to the ABO system. Lancet. 1952;1:903–4. 
    3.
    Gerard G , Vitrac D , Le Pendu J. , Muller A , Oriol R . H-deficient blood groups ( Bombay) of Reunion Island. Am J Hum Genet. 1982;34:937–47. 
    4.
    Fernandez-Mateos P , Cailleau A , Henry S , Costache M , Elmgren A , Svensson L , Larson G , Samuelsson BE , Oriol R , Mollicone R . Point mutations and deletion responsible for the Bombay H null and the Reunion H weak blood groups. Vox Sang. 1998;75:37–46. 
    5.
    Zhu K , Amin MA , Kim MJ , Katschke K. J., Jr , Park CC , Koch AE . A novel function for a glucose analog of blood group H antigen as a mediator of leukocyte-endothelial adhesion via intracellular adhesion molecule 1. J Biol Chem. 2003;278:21869–77. 

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